SYMPTOM CHECKER

WHAT IS CHLAMYDIA?

Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the UK.  It is an infection caused by a bacteria known as Chlamydia trachomatis. It affects people of all ages, but is most common in sexually active people under the age of 25.  In fact, if you belong to this group, the NHS recommend having a chlamydia test once a year. The risk of chlamydia increases with each new sexual partner you have.

HOW COMMON IS CHLAMYDIA?

Chlamydia makes up over half of all diagnosed STIs in the UK.  In 2021 this equated to 159,448 confirmed and reported positive chlamydia tests.

HOW IS CHLAMYDIA PASSED ON?

Chlamydia is spread through contact with infected genital fluids like semen and vaginal fluid.

This type of contact can happen when:

• Unprotected sex (vaginal, anal, or oral), 
• Sex where your protection breaks, 
• Sharing sex toys that have not been cleaned or covered with a new condom each time, 
• Genitals coming into contact with the genitals of an infected individual (does not have to be penetrative sex),
• Infected fluid is spread by hand to genitals, mouthes, or eyes, or
• Babies passing through the birth canal of an infected birth giver.

It is important to note that when referring to protection, only barrier methods of protection like a condom, diaphragm, or dental dam can help prevent the spread of STIs.

DOES CHLAMYDIA HAVE NOTICIBLE SYMPTOMS?

At least 70% of people with a vagina and over 50% of people with a penis who have chlamydia don’t notice any symptoms. If they do experience symptoms, the most common symptoms are listed above.

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF CHLAMYDIA?

If left untreated chlamydia can spread through the body and cause more serious health concerns including:

• Pelvic inflammatory disease (a major cause of ectopic pregnancy and infertility),
• Pregnancy complications like premature labour and low birth weight,
• Infection in newborns (birth givers can pass the infection on to their babies during the birthing process which can lead to pneumonia and serious eye infections),
• Prostate gland infection,
• Infection near the testicles leading to pain and swelling,
• Reactive arthritis (also known as Reiter’s syndrome).
• Untreated eye infections can lead to blindness.

HOW IS CHLAMYDIA TREATED?

Chlamydia can be effectively treated with a prescribed course of antibiotics.  If prescribed antibiotics, make sure to finish the full course, even if the symptoms subside, or you could risk a relapse of the infection.  With effective treatment, symptoms should improve within a week.

WHAT IS GONORRHOEA?

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a bacteria known as Neisseria gonorrhoeae or gonococcus. It is sometimes colloquially referred to as “The Clap”.

HOW COMMON IS GONORRHOEA?

Gonorrhoea is the second most common bacterial STI in the UK after chlamydia.  In 2019 more than 70,000 people were diagnosed in England alone. Gonorrhoea affects all genders and sexes, it is especially common among sexually active young people ages 15-24. It is more prevalent in men who have sex with men (MSM) than other demographics. 

HOW IS GONORRHOEA PASSED ON?

Gonorrhoea bacteria are mainly found in discharge from the penis or vaginal fluid.  It can easily be passed from person to person through:

• Unprotected sex (vaginal, anal, or oral), 
• Sex where your protection breaks, 
• Sharing sex toys that have not been cleaned or covered with a new condom each time, 
• Genitals coming into contact with the genitals of an infected individual (does not have to be penetrative sex),
• Infected fluid is spread by hand to genitals, mouthes, or eyes, or
• Babies passing through the birth canal of an infected birth giver.

Gonorrhoea can infect the rectum, vagina, throat, or eyes. Eye infection symptoms will include pain, swelling, redness, sensitivity to light, pus-like discharge, and conjunctivitis. Throat infections symptoms will include swollen lymph nodes and a sore throat.

It is important to note that when referring to protection, only barrier methods of protection like a condom, diaphragm, or dental dam can help prevent the spread of STIs.

DOES GONORRHOEA HAVE NOTICIBLE SYMPTOMS?

Although symptoms of gonorrhoea typically develop within 2 weeks of infection, they sometimes don’t appear until months later.  

It is also important to note that about 1 in 10 infected people with a penis, and 5 in 10 infected people with a vagina will not experience any obvious symptoms at all. This means the condition can often be left untreated for quite some time. That said, there are some signs you can look out for that might indicate a gonorrhoea infection.

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF GONORRHOEA?

Left untreated, a Gonorrhoea infection can spread through your body causing more serious health conditions. Your risk of developing these associated illnesses increases each time you have Gonorrhoea.  The best way to prevent these complications is with early detection and treatment.

In people with a vagina these complications can include:

• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): which can lead to pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy and infertility.
• In Pregnancy: If pregnant, Gonorrhoea can result in premature labour, low birth weight, and miscarriage.
• Neonatal Gonorrhoea: Babies born to birth givers with Gonorrhoea can catch a the infection when exiting the birth canal.  This can result in eye infections like conjunctivitis.

For people with a penis, some complications may include:

• Epididymitis: an inflammation of the tubes near the testicles that carry semen.  This causes fever, scrotal pain, and swelling of the testicles.
• Urethral Stricture: scarring that narrows the tube that carries semen and urine out of the body (the urethra).
• Prostatitis: A painful infection in the prostate gland.
• Reduced fertility.

HOW IS GONORRHOEA TREATED?

Gonorrhoea can be treated with a single antibiotic injection (usually in the buttocks).  With effective treatment, symptoms should improve within a few days.

WHAT IS SYPHILIS?

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum.  Anyone who is sexually active is at risk of infection.  There are four stages of syphilis; the first (or primary) stage, the second (or secondary) stage, the third (or tertiary) stage, and the latent stage.  Only the first two stages are contagious.

HOW COMMON IS SYPHILIS?

The prevalence of syphilis in the UK has been increasing for a number of years now.    There were over 8,000 cases diagnosed in 2019, and around 75% of those were made up of men who have sex with other men.  Although the number of cases in the heterosexual community are on the rise too, this infection does disproportionately affect male members of the gay and bisexual community.  

HOW IS SYPHILIS PASSED ON?

Syphilis transfers from person-to-person by direct contact with a syphilitic sore, known as a chancre.  Chancres can develop in, on, or around the penis, vagina, anus, rectum, lips, or mouth.

This type of contact most commonly occurs during vaginal, anal or oral sex. It can also happen when:

• Sharing sex toys that have not been cleaned or covered with a new condom each time, 
• Genitals coming into contact with the genitals presenting chancres (does not have to be penetrative sex),
• Infected fluid from a chancre sore is spread by hand to genitals, mouthes, or eyes, 
• Sharing a razor with an infected individual if they have used it to shave areas with chancres,
• Kissing if oral chancre sores are present, or
• Babies passing through the birth canal of a birth giver with vaginal chancre sores.

Syphilis is also carried in the blood of an infected individual, so the infection can also be spread by sharing needles with an infected individual.  It is also possible to catch Syphilis through having the blood transfusion if the donor was infected. However, this is extremely unlikely as all donor blood is screened for Syphilis.

It is important yo note that when referring to protection, only barrier methods of protection like a condom, diaphragm, or dental dam can help prevent the spread of STIs.  However, these methods of protection are not 100% effective and won’t always cover all infected areas.

DOES SYPHILIS HAVE NOTICIBLE SYMPTOMS?

The signs and symptoms of Syphilis can be mild and difficult to notice, they may not display until years after infection. They can change over time and may come and go. However, during this time they are still able to spread the infection and are at risk of developing the long term complications associated with it. The only definitive way to determine whether or not you have Syphilis is with a test.

Syphilis is sometimes referred to as “The Great Pretender” as its symptoms often mimic those of other diseases.  However, Syphilis typically follows a progression of stages that can last for weeks, months, or even years.  It can take around 3 weeks or more for symptoms to appear after infection.

Each stage of Syphilis has its own symptoms you can look out for. 

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF SYPHILIS?

The Third (or Tertiary) stage of Syphilis is what happens if the infection is left untreated for a long enough period of time.

Tertiary Syphilis will appear around 10-30 years after initial infection. It is uncommon as it is unlikely that the infection will go this long without treatment.  However, if it does, it can be fatal. Tertiary Syphilis happens when the infection starts to affect organ systems like the brain, nervous system, heart, eyes, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints.  The symptoms are vast and various depending on the area of the body that is infected.

Signs and symptoms that Syphilis is affecting the nervous system include:

• Severe headaches
• Trouble with muscle movements and co-ordination
• Muscle weakness
• Shooting pains
• Numbness
• Pins and needles
• Paralysis
• Brain fog
• Confusion
• Personality changes 
• Dementia (problems with memory, thinking, and / or decision making)
• Seizures

Signs and symptoms that Syphilis is affecting the visual system include:

• Eye pain
• Redness of the eyes
• Floating spots in the field of vision, also known as “eye floaters”
• Sensitivity to light
• Changes in vision (blurriness or even blindness)

Signs and symptoms that Syphilis is affecting the hearing system include:

• Hearing loss
• Tinnitus (ringing, buzzing, roaring, or hissing noises in the ear)
• Difficulty with balance
• Dizziness or vertigo

Syphilis can also lead to complications like: 

• Heart problems such as angina, aortic aneurysm, and heart failure
• Joint pain and damage
• Problems with skin, bones, testicles, liver, and other organs

Pregnant people can pass Syphilis on to their unborn babies. Depending on how long the pregnant person has had Syphilis, they may be at high risk of a still birth or the baby could die shortly after birth.

Babies born with Syphilis won’t always show symptoms immediately.  However, it is important that they receive immediate treatment or they may have developmental delays, seizures, or die.

The sores from Syphilis also make it easier for other infections to enter the body, including HIV.  In the US, a study found that around half of men who have sex with men (MSM) who had Syphilis also had HIV.  Those who didn’t have HIV but had Syphilis were also more likely to catch HIV in the future. 

HOW IS SYPHILIS TREATED?

Syphilis is treated with antibiotics. These may be administered as injections, tablets, or capsules. If prescribed antibiotics, make sure to finish the full course, even if the symptoms subside, or you could risk a relapse of the infection.  

Symptoms of Syphilis can improve and even go away completely on their own.  However, the infection will remain in your body until you have received appropriate treatment. 

WHAT IS CHANCROID?

Chancroid is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi. It causes large, painful sores.

HOW COMMON IS CHANCROID?

Chancroid is found mainly in countries like Asia and Africa. It is much less common in the UK, but outbreaks are still known to happen from time to time.

HOW IS CHANCROID PASSED ON?

Chancroid is spread through contact with the infected sores caused by the disease or the fluid that comes from them.  

This type of contact can happen when:

• Unprotected sex (vaginal, anal, or oral), 
• Sex where your protection breaks, 
• Sharing sex toys that have not been cleaned or covered with a new condom each time, 
• Genitals coming into contact with the genitals of an infected individual (does not have to be penetrative sex),
• Infected fluid is spread by hand to genitals, mouthes, or eyes

The infectious fluid that leaks from the ulcers caused by the infection can spread the disease in a non-sexual way like with a baby passing through the birth canal, sharing towels with an infected person, or simply touching a Chancroid sore. 

It is important to note that when referring to protection, only barrier methods of protection like a condom, diaphragm, or dental dam can help prevent the spread of STIs.

DOES CHANCROID HAVE NOTICIBLE SYMPTOMS?

If you contract Chancroid, you may start to develop symptoms 4-10 days after infection. Symptoms vary person to person and may not always be obvious. People with a penis are more likely to display symptoms than people with a vagina. 

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF CHANCROID?

The ulcers caused by Chancroid are very painful and can persist for weeks or even months without treatment. Chancroid can also spread to other parts of your body and cause serious damage to the skin of infected areas, it can even cause destruction and scarring of the foreskin in people with a penis. Chancroid is extremely infectious and you risk spreading the disease to other people for as long as you have sores. 

The breaks and tears in the skin caused by the ulcers will leave you vulnerable to catching other illnesses. Studies have shown that individuals with Chancroid are more likely to contract HIV than those without the infection.

HOW IS CHANCROID TREATED?

Chancroid can be effectively treated with a prescribed course of antibiotics.  If prescribed antibiotics, make sure to finish the full course, even if the symptoms subside, or you could risk a relapse of the infection.  With effective treatment, symptoms should improve within two weeks.

WHAT IS HERPES SYMPLEX I?

The Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) categorised into 2 types: HSV-1 and HSV-2. It is known globally as herpes. HSV-1 is usually associated with blisters on the facial skin (cold sores), and HSV-2 with genital blisters. However, this is not always the case. 

Infection with herpes simplex virus is lifelong, and the majority of infections are passed in a non-sexual manner.

HOW COMMON IS HERPES SIMPLEX I?

HSV-1 is incredibly common with many as 7 in 10 people in the UK predicted to have it.  

HOW IS HERPES SIMPLEX I PASSED ON?

For herpes to spread, the area of infection of an individual with the virus has to come into contact with an area it can be transmitted to in another person. This includes vulnerable areas like the mouth, vagina, penis, or anus.

HSV-1 is usually oral, and so can be transferred through contact of one of these vulnerable areas listed above with the cold sores, saliva, or areas around the mouth of an infected person.

This type of contact can happen by:

• Kissing
• Having oral sex
• Sharing objects that make contact with saliva (drinks, utensils, straws, lipstick, toothbrushes etc). Although the virus will die pretty quickly when not in contact with skin, avoiding sharing these types of objects is still best practice if you want to avoid infection.

Most people who have HSV-1 were infected with it during their childhood during a non-sexual act such as being kissed by a parent.

HSV-1 is most contagious when sores are present. However, a common myth is that this is the only time that the infection can be spread. This is not the case. HSV-1 can be transmitted when no symptoms are visible. 

In rare instances, HSV-1 can be transmitted from birth giver to child during the birthing process. This is known as neonatal herpes. The risk is greater if the birth giver acquires the infection for the first time during pregnancy.

If you have HSV-1 in one area of your body (for example, oral herpes) it is unlikely that you will be reinfected elsewhere (for example, genital herpes) as your body will have built up an immunity against the virus. However, you are still at risk of an infection from Herpes simples virus 2.

DOES HERPES SIMPLEX I HAVE NOTICIBLE SYMPTOMS?

Most HSV-1 infections are asymptomatic.  However, if you were to experience symptoms, they usually occur 4 to 7 days after infection, but may take months before they are seen.  

Infection with herpes simplex virus is lifelong. The blisters associated with the infection will appeaer, heal, dissapear, and come back again later. Each time they re-appear, this is known as an ‘active outbreak’.

The amount of outbreaks a person with herpes will have will vary widly from person to person, but on average, someone with HSV-1 will experience 4-5 outbreaks in a year. Treatment can reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks.

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF HERPES SIMPLEX I?

Although uncommon, there are a few complications that can occur from contracting Herpes Simplex Virus 1.  These include:

• Contracting Other STIs: People with HSV-2 are at a higher risk of contracting other STIs including HIV.
• Meningitis: HSV-2 can cause an infection of the fluid (cerebrospinal fluid or CSF) and tissues (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord leading to a condition known as meningitis.
• Encephalitis: An infection of the brain that can cause developmental delays in children and cognitive difficulties in adults.
• Finger Infections: If there is a break in the skin on the fingers and the HSV-2 virus is able to enter, this can cause a herpes infection in the finger known as herpetic whitlow. This causes the same bumps and blisters associated with the disease but on the finger instead.
• Neonatal Herpes: This can be very serious condition that can lead to plastic neurologic disability or even death 
• Difficulty Urinating: Genital herpes can cause inflammation of the urethra leading to difficulties urinating. Urine may have to be drained using a catheter until the symptoms subside.
• Herpes Simplex Eye Infection: This is a serious eye infection caused by the virus entering the eye. It causes painful red swelling around the eye along with blurred vision. Left untreated it can lead to permanent vision impairment or loss.
• Hearing Loss: Recent studies have shown that the herpes virus can cause sudden hearing loss in both children and adults.

HOW IS HERPES SIMPLEX I TREATED?

Although there is no cure for an infection from Herpes Simplex 1, the aim of treatment can be to reduce the severity and frequency of symptom outbreaks. This can be done through use of antiviral medications.

During an outbreak, ice packs and over the counter painkillers can help ease any discomfort. It is important not to try not to touch or scratch any active blisters. Avoiding any of the known triggers for HSV outbreaks can also help reduce their frequency.

WHAT IS HERPES SIMPLEX II?

The Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) categorised into 2 types: HSV-1 and HSV-2. It is known globally as herpes. HSV-1 is usually associated with blisters on the facial skin (cold sores), and HSV-2 with genital blisters. However, this is not always the case. 

Infection with herpes simplex virus is lifelong.

HOW COMMON IS HERPES SIMPLEX II?

HSV-2 is very common and it is estimated that as many as 1 in 10 people in the UK have it.  

HOW IS HERPES SIMPLEX II PASSED ON?

For herpes to spread, the area of infection of on individual with the virus has to come into contact with an area it can be transmitted to in another person. These areas are anywhere there is a break in the skin. This includes the mouth, penis, vagina, urinary tract, or the anus.

HSV-2 is usually genital, and so can be transferred through contact of one of these vulnerable areas listed above with the active sores, genital fluids, or areas around the genitals of an infected person.  This type of contact most commonly occurs through sexual contact of some sort.  This can include: 

• Unprotected sex (vaginal, anal, or oral), 
• Sex where your protection breaks, 
• Sharing sex toys that have not been cleaned or covered with a new condom each time, 
• Genitals coming into contact with the genitals of an infected individual (does not have to be penetrative sex), or
• Infected fluid is spread by hand to genitals, or mouthes.

It is important to note that when referring to protection, only barrier methods of protection like a condom, diaphragm, or dental dam can help prevent the spread of STIs.

It is possible to spread genital herpes to someones mouth creating oral herpes through oral sex and vice versa. If you have a HSV-2 infection in one area of your body, it is unlikely that you will get it at another site. This is because your body will have build up an immunity towards virus which prevents initial infection at a second site. This immunity will not extend to infection from HSV-1.

HSV-2 is most contagious when sores are present. However, a common myth is that this is the only time that the infection can be spread. This is not the case. HSV-2 can be transmitted when no symptoms are visible. 

In rare instances, HSV-2 can be transmitted from birth giver to child during the birthing process. This is known as neonatal herpes. The risk is greater if the birth giver acquires the infection for the first time during pregnancy.

DOES HERPES SIMPLEX II HAVE NOTICIBLE SYMPTOMS?

Most HSV-2 infections are asymptomatic.  However, if you were to experience symptoms, they usually occur 4 to 7 days after infection, but may take months before they are seen.  

Infection with herpes simplex virus is lifelong. The blisters associated with the infection will appeaer, heal, dissapear, and come back again later. Each time they re-appear, this is known as an ‘active outbreak’.

The amount of outbreaks a person with herpes will have will vary widly from person to person, but on average, someone with HSV-2 will experience 4-5 outbreaks in a year. Treatment can reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks.

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF HERPES SIMPLEX II?

Although uncommon, there are a few complications that can occur from contracting Herpes Simplex Virus 2.  These include:

• Contracting Other STIs: People with HSV-2 are at a higher risk of contracting other STIs including HIV.
• Meningitis: HSV-2 can cause an infection of the fluid (cerebrospinal fluid or CSF) and tissues (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord leading to a condition known as meningitis.
• Encephalitis: An infection of the brain that can cause developmental delays in children and cognitive difficulties in adults.
• Finger Infections: If there is a break in the skin on the fingers and the HSV-2 virus is able to enter, this can cause a herpes infection in the finger known as herpetic whitlow. This causes the same bumps and blisters associated with the disease but on the finger instead.
• Neonatal Herpes: This can be very serious condition that can lead to plastic neurologic disability or even death. 
• Difficulty Urinating: Genital herpes can cause inflammation of the urethra leading to difficulties urinating. Urine may have to be drained using a catheter until the symptoms subside.
• Herpes Simplex Eye Infection: This is a serious eye infection caused by the virus entering the eye. It causes painful red swelling around the eye along with blurred vision. Left untreated it can lead to permanent vision impairment or loss.
• Hearing Loss: Recent studies have shown that the herpes virus can cause sudden hearing loss in both children and adults.

HOW IS HERPES SIMPLEX II TREATED?

Although there is no cure for an infection from Herpes Simplex 2, the aim of treatment can be to reduce the severity and frequency of symptom outbreaks. This can be done through use of antiviral medications.

During an outbreak, ice packs and over the counter painkillers can help ease any discomfort. It is important not to try not to touch or scratch any active blisters. Avoiding any of the known triggers for HSV outbreaks can also help reduce their frequency.

In pregnant birth givers with genital herpes, it is recommended that you let your medical team know about your diagnosis. They may recommend taking antiviral medication at the late stage of pregnancy to try to prevent an outbreak during the birthing process. In other cases, it may be preferable to schedule a cesarean section.

WHAT IS UREAPLASMA URELYTICUM?

Ureaplasma Urelyticum is a bacterium that when overgrown causes an infection that can be spread through sexual contact (STI).

HOW COMMON IS UREAPLASMA URELYTICUM?

Ureaplasma Urelyticum is a bacterium that exists as a normal part of the bacterial ecosystem that makes up the human microbiome. It exists in the respiratory, urinary, and genital tracts of people, and around 70% of people are predicted to have it in some quantity. Sometimes these bacteria can overgrow and form a colony which then cause an infection. 

A Ureaplasma Urelyticum infection is different to other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in that it can suddenly appear between monogamous couples in long term relationships.

HOW IS UREAPLASMA URELYTICUM PASSED ON?

As Ureaplasma Urelyticum exists naturally as part of the human microbiome, infections will only occur when this balance is upset. It is usually difficult to pinpoint what causes an imbalance like this, but risk factors can include:

• A weakened immune system
• Other illness like a cold or flu
• Stress
• The use of medications like antibiotics or birth control
• Diet

When the natural balance of the bacterial flora in the body is off, the risk of the overgrowth of certain bacteria can happen and the risk of infection increases. This can cause the initial Ureaplasma Urelyticum infection which can then be transferred to another person. This type of transfer often occurs from sexual contact which can include:

• Unprotected sex (vaginal or anal), 
• Sex where your protection breaks, 
• Sharing sex toys that have not been cleaned or covered with a new condom each time, 
• Genitals coming into contact with the genitals of an infected individual (does not have to be penetrative sex),
• Infected fluid is spread by hand to genitals or
• Babies passing through the birth canal of an infected birth giver.

It is important to note that when referring to protection, only barrier methods of protection like a condom, diaphragm, or dental dam can help prevent the spread of STIs.

DOES UREAPLASMA URELYTICUM HAVE NOTICIBLE SYMPTOMS?

Like a lot of sexually transmitted infections, most people with Ureaplasma Urelyticum will display no symptoms at all. Some people may show some signs of an infection. These symptoms are listed above.

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF UREAPLASMA URELYTICUM?

Left untreated Ureaplasma Urelyticum can lead to more serious complications. Immunocompromised individuals are most at risk, and these complications can include:

• Infertility
• Non-specific urethritis
• Meningitis
• Pneumonia
• Pregnant people are at increased risk of premature labour or stillbirth.

HOW IS UREAPLASMA URELYTICUM TREATED?

A Ureaplasma Urelyticum infection is usually quickly treated with antibiotics. If taken correctly, the infection should clear within 5-7 days. 

If prescribed antibiotics, make sure to finish the full course, even if the symptoms subside, or you could risk a relapse of the infection.

WHAT IS MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS?

Mycoplasma Hominis is a bacteria that when present in large quantities causes an infection that can be transmitted sexually (STI).

HOW COMMON IS MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS?

Mycoplasma Hominis is a common bacterium present in small quantities in the urinary and / or genital tract of almost all humans. It can sometimes reproduce into higher quantities which cause an infection that can be sexually transmitted. A Mycoplasma Hominis infection is different to other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in that it can suddenly appear between monogamous couples in long term relationships.

HOW IS CHLAMYDIA PASSED ON?

As Mycoplasma Hominis exists naturally as part of the bacterial ecosystem that exists in the reproductive tracts of humans, infections will occur when this balance is upset. It is usually difficult to pinpoint what causes an imbalance like this, but risk factors can include:

• A weakened immune system
• Other illness like a cold or flu
• Stress
• The use of medications like antibiotics or birth control
• Diet

When the natural balance of the bacterial flora in the body is off, the risk of infection increases. This can cause the initial Mycoplasma Hominis infection which can then be transferred to another person. This type of transfer occurs usually from sexual contact which can include:

• Unprotected sex (vaginal or anal), 
• Sex where your protection breaks, 
• Sharing sex toys that have not been cleaned or covered with a new condom each time, 
• Genitals coming into contact with the genitals of an infected individual (does not have to be penetrative sex),
• Infected fluid is spread by hand to genitals or
• Babies passing through the birth canal of an infected birth giver.

It is important to note that when referring to protection, only barrier methods of protection like a condom, diaphragm, or dental dam can help prevent the spread of STIs.

DOES MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS HAVE NOTICIBLE SYMPTOMS?

Like a lot of sexually transmitted infections, most people with Mycoplasma Hominis will display no symptoms at all. Some people may show some signs of an infection. These symptoms are listed above.

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS?

If a Mycoplasma Hominis infection is left untreated, this can lead to complications such as:

• Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – a disease that causes pelvic pain and can lead to ectopic pregnancies.
• Increased risk of contracting additional sexually transmitted infections.

HOW IS MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS TREATED?

A Mycoplasma Hominis infection is usually quickly treated with antibiotics. If taken correctly, the infection should clear within 5-7 days. 

If prescribed antibiotics, make sure to finish the full course, even if the symptoms subside, or you could risk a relapse of the infection. 

WHAT IS MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM (MG)?

Mycoplasma Genitalium (MG) also known as “Mgen” is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium it is named after.

HOW COMMON IS MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM?

Mycoplasma Genitalium is a common infection thought to affect 1-2 in every 100 adults in the UK. There are rising concerns that this bacterium has the potential to become an antibiotic resistant ‘superbug’.

HOW IS MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM PASSED ON?

Mycoplasma Genitalium (MG) infects the urinary and genital tracts.  This means it is spread through contact with infected genital fluids like semen and vaginal fluid.  

This type of contact can happen when:

• Unprotected sex (Vaginal or Anal. Oral transmission is not thought to be a major factor in the transmission of this infection), 
• Sex where your protection breaks, 
• Sharing sex toys that have not been cleaned or covered with a new condom each time, 
• Genitals coming into contact with the genitals of an infected individual (does not have to be penetrative sex),
• Infected fluid is spread by hand to genitals or eyes, or
• Babies passing through the birth canal of an infected birth giver.

It is important to note that when referring to protection, only barrier methods of protection like a condom, diaphragm, or dental dam can help prevent the spread of STIs.

DOES MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM HAVE NOTICIBLE SYMPTOMS?

Like a lot of sexually transmitted infections, most people with Mycoplasma Genitalium will display no symptoms at all. 

If symptoms do display themselves, they are very similar to that of Chlamydia. This is why it is important to get tested. Only then will you know what is causing the infection and receive appropriate treatment. Symptoms usually appear 1-3 weeks after infection. 

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM?

If a Mycoplasma Genitalium infection is left untreated it provides the bacteria with a chance to grow and spread. This can lead to complications such as:

• Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – a disease that causes pelvic pain and can lead to ectopic pregnancies.
• Higher rates of miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature labour.
• Increased risk of contracting additional sexually transmitted infections.

HOW IS MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM TREATED?

If Mycoplasma Genitalium is detected, it is usually treated with a two pronged approach of two prescribed courses of antibiotics.

If prescribed antibiotics, make sure to finish the full course, even if the symptoms subside, or you could risk a relapse of the infection.  With effective treatment, symptoms should improve within a week.

WHAT IS TRICHOMONIASIS?

Trichomoniasis, commonly known as “Trich” is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a parasite named Trichomonas vaginalis (TV).

HOW COMMON IS TRICHOMONIASIS?

Although not as well known as STIs like Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, or Herpes, Trichomoniasis is one of the most common non-viral STDs worldwide. Although it is less common in the UK than in other parts of the globe, there are still upwards of 6000 diagnosed cases here each year.

HOW IS TRICHOMONIASIS PASSED ON?

The parasite that causes Trichomoniasis will most commonly live in the lower genital tract. This can include the urethra, the vagina, and the penis.

This means that the most common way to spread Trichomoniasis is through sexual contract.  This can include:

• Unprotected sex (vaginal), 
• Sex where your protection breaks, 
• Sharing sex toys that have not been cleaned or covered with a new condom each time, 
• Genitals coming into contact with the genitals of an infected individual (does not have to be penetrative sex, can be vulva to vulva),
• Although not frequent, babies passing through the birth canal of an infected birth giver.

Trichomoniasis can, but does not usually, infect other parts of the body like the mouth or the anus. The prostate gland can sometimes be known to become infected with the parasite.

Although not as common, in rare cases, Trichomoniasis can also be spread through non-sexual transmission including:

• Sharing towels
• Sharing bath water
• Swimming pools 

It is important to note that when referring to protection, only barrier methods of protection like a condom, diaphragm, or dental dam can help prevent the spread of STIs.

DOES TRICHOMONIASIS HAVE NOTICIBLE SYMPTOMS?

Symptoms of infection with Trichomoniasis vaginalis (TV) will usually appear within a month after infection. However, around half of infected people show no symptoms at all.  People with vaginas are more likely to develop symptoms than people with a penis.

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF TRICHOMONIASIS?

Trichomoniasis does not typically cause complications. However, those with the infection are more at risk of contracting other sexually transmitted infections like HIV. There is also some evidence to suggest that Trichomoniasis infections elevate the chances of developing cervical or prostate cancers.

Pregnant people with Trichomoniasis may be at risk of premature labour, low birth weight, and of passing the infection on to their unborn baby. As a result, it is important that expecting parents receive treatment as early as possible.

HOW IS TRICHOMONIASIS TREATED?

Trichomoniasis is usually quickly treated with antibiotics. If taken correctly, the infection should clear within 5-7 days. 

If prescribed antibiotics, make sure to finish the full course, even if the symptoms subside, or you could risk a relapse of the infection. 

WHAT IS HEPATITIS B?

Hepatitis B or “Hep B” is a liver infection caused by a virus. It can be spread through blood, semen, and vaginal fluids. As a result, it is often considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

HOW COMMON IS HEPATITIS B?

Hepatitis is spread through contact with blood, semen, or vaginal fluids of an infected person. This type of contact can happen when:

• Unprotected sex (vaginal, anal, or oral), 
• Sex where your protection breaks, 
• Sharing sex toys that have not been cleaned or covered with a new condom each time, 
• Genitals coming into contact with the genitals of an infected individual (does not have to be penetrative sex),
• Infected fluid is spread by hand to genitals, mouthes, or eyes, or
• Sharing needles with an infected person.
• Being injured with a needle that was used on an infected person.
• Having a tattoo or piercing with unsterilised equipment.
• Having a blood transfusion in a country where the blood is not checked for Hepatitis B. (All blood being used in the UK is checked for Hepatitis B).
• Pregnant parents passing the infection on to babies through the placenta.
• Babies passing through the birth canal of an infected birth giver.

It is important to note that when referring to protection, only barrier methods of protection like a condom, diaphragm, or dental dam can help prevent the spread of STIs.

HOW IS HEPATITIS B PASSED ON?

Hepatitis is spread through contact with blood, semen, or vaginal fluids of an infected person. This type of contact can happen when:

• Unprotected sex (vaginal, anal, or oral), 
• Sex where your protection breaks, 
• Sharing sex toys that have not been cleaned or covered with a new condom each time, 
• Genitals coming into contact with the genitals of an infected individual (does not have to be penetrative sex),
• Infected fluid is spread by hand to genitals, mouthes, or eyes, or
• Sharing needles with an infected person.
• Being injured with a needle that was used on an infected person.
• Having a tattoo or piercing with unsterilised equipment.
• Having a blood transfusion in a country where the blood is not checked for Hepatitis B. (All blood being used in the UK is checked for Hepatitis B).
• Pregnant parents passing the infection on to babies through the placenta.
• Babies passing through the birth canal of an infected birth giver.

It is important to note that when referring to protection, only barrier methods of protection like a condom, diaphragm, or dental dam can help prevent the spread of STIs.

DOES HEPATITIS B HAVE NOTICIBLE SYMPTOMS?

Some people who have Hepatitis B will display no symptoms at all. Most people will have mild symptoms, and these can include those listed above.

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF HEPATITIS B?

Most people who contract Hepatitis B make a full recovery. However, some people develop complications Hep B which include:

• Chronic Hepatitis B: For some people, the condition may last longer than 6 months. This is called chronic Hepatitis B. The condition may even be life long. This happens when the body is unable to fight off the infection. Some symptoms may include fatigue and mild symptoms of hepatitis.
• Co-morbid Conditions: People with Hepatitis B are at increased risk of developing other conditions including kidney disease and liver cancer.
• Scarring of the liver: The inflammation caused by a Hepatitis B infection can lead to liver (cirrhosis) which may impair its ability to function
• Liver Failure: Hepatitis B is not usually a life threatening illness. However, in rare cases, it can cause damage to the liver that prevents it from working properly (liver failure). 

Symptoms of liver failure include:

• Sudden, severe vomiting
• Bruising easily
• Bleeding easily (for example, frequent nose bleeds or bleeding gums)
• Drowsiness
• Confusion
• Problems with memory or concentration
• Irritability

If you are experiencing symptoms of liver failure, it is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible.

HOW IS HEPATITIS B TREATED?

There is no specific treatment for Hepatitis B. It will normally clear up on its own within 3-6 months with no lasting ill effects. A medical professional may be able to prescribe medication to help ease some of the symptoms like pain, itchy skin, and nausea. You may also need to see a liver specialist to keep an eye on your liver function.

WHAT IS HEPATITIS C?

Hepatitis C or “Hep C” is a virus that infects the liver. Hepatitis C is carried in the fluids of the body, with the highest concentration being seen in the blood. Although rare, Hepatitis C can be spread through sexual activity and can therefore be considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

HOW COMMON IS HEPATITIS C?

Thankfully, Hepatitis C is on the decline. However, it still impacts a large portion of the UK today with 81,000 people being diagnosed with Hep C in 2020.

HOW IS HEPATITIS C PASSED ON?

Chlamydia is spread through contact with infected genital fluids like semen and vaginal fluid. 

This type of contact can happen when:

• Unprotected sex (vaginal, anal, or oral),
• Sex where your protection breaks,
• Sharing sex toys that have not been cleaned or covered with a new condom each time,
• Genitals coming into contact with the genitals of an infected individual (does not have to be penetrative sex),
• Infected fluid is spread by hand to genitals, mouthes, or eyes, or
• Babies passing through the birth canal of an infected mother.

It is important to note that when referring to protection, only barrier methods of protection like a condom, diaphragm, or dental dam can help prevent the spread of STIs.

DOES HEPATITIS C HAVE NOTICIBLE SYMPTOMS?

Only 1 in 3-4 people will experience symptoms of Hepatitis C during the first 6 months of infection. Some people will not display any symptoms at all. Symptoms that may appear as a result of a Hepatitis C infection are listed above.

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF HEPATITIS C?

1 in 4 people who contract Hepatitis C will fight off the infection within a few months. However, some people develop complications Hep C which include:

• Chronic Hepatitis C: For some people, the condition may last longer than 6 months. This is called chronic Hepatitis C. The condition may even be life long. This happens when the body is unable to fight off the infection. Some symptoms may include fatigue and mild symptoms of hepatitis.
• Co-morbid Conditions: People with Hepatitis C are at increased risk of developing other conditions including kidney disease and liver cancer.
• Scarring of the liver: The inflammation caused by a Hepatitis C infection can lead to liver (cirrhosis) which may impair its ability to function.
• Liver Failure: Hepatitis C is not usually a life threatening illness. However, in rare cases, it can cause damage to the liver that prevents it from working properly (liver failure). 

Symptoms of liver failure include:

• Sudden, severe vomiting
• Bruising easily
• Bleeding easily (for example, frequent nose bleeds or bleeding gums)
• Drowsiness
• Confusion
• Problems with memory or concentration
• Irritability

If you are experiencing symptoms of liver failure, it is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible.

HOW IS HEPATITIS C TREATED?

Hepatitis C will normally clear up on its own within 3-6 months with no lasting ill effects. If it does not, a medical professional can work with you to manage the symptoms of the virus and attempt to clear the infection. This treatment may include antiviral medication, lifestyle changes, painkillers, and regular testing to check on your liver function. Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are effective at curing a Hepatitis C infection in 9 out of 10 patients.

WHAT IS HIV?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that damages the cells in your immune system, weakening them and reducing their ability to fight off the disease causing bacteria and virus’ that we encounter every day. 

HIV is often talked about synonymously with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), but these are two separate conditions. HIV can, in some cases, develop into the more serious AIDS over a period of around 8-10 years. This happens when the immune system has been so badly damaged by the virus that it is significantly impaired.

The most common mechanism of spreading the virus is through sex, and as a result, HIV is generally considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

HOW COMMON IS HIV?

That’s to advances in HIV treatment and prevention, instances of HIV and AIDS are on the decline. An increase in awareness about STIs and medical marvels like PrEP, a drug that reduces your chances of being infected with HIV even if you come into contact with it, have played a major role in prevention. That said, just under 3000 new cases were diagnosed in the UK in 2020 alone. 

HOW IS HIV PASSED ON?

HIV can be transferred through blood, semen, rectal fluid, vaginal fluid, and breast milk. 

For HIV to be spread from someone who has the virus to someone who does not, one of these infected fluids would have to come into contact with a part of the body where there is a break in the skin. This can include the rectum, tip of the penis, vagina, mouth, eyes, a cut, sore, or injection into the skin.  This is why any illnesses that create ulcers, blisters, and sores put you at an increased risk of being infected with HIV.

This type of transfer occurs usually from sexual contact which can include:

• Unprotected sex (vaginal, anal, or oral), 
• Sex where your protection breaks, 
• Sharing sex toys that have not been cleaned or covered with a new condom each time, 
• Genitals coming into contact with the genitals of an infected individual (does not have to be penetrative sex),
• Infected fluid is spread by hand to genitals, cuts, sores, or the mouth, 
• Sharing razors or needles with an infected person,
• Sharing needles with a HIV positive person.
• Being injured with a needle that was used on a person with HIV.
• Having a tattoo or piercing with unsterilised equipment.
• Having a blood transfusion in a country where the blood is not checked for HIV. (All blood being used in the UK is checked for HIV).
• Pregnant parents passing the infection on to babies through the placenta.
• Babies passing through the birth canal of an infected birth giver.
• Babies drinking breast milk from a person that has HIV.

HIV can’t be passed through healthy, unbroken skin.  It is not possible to catch HIV from sharing hugs, drinks, or non-sexual physical affection with someone who has the virus.

DOES HIV HAVE NOTICIBLE SYMPTOMS?

Many people who contract HIV will experience a short, flu like illness 2-6 weeks after the initial infection. After this, it may be several years before any new symptoms are seen. Some symptoms of a HIV infection can be seen listed above.

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF HIV?

Most complications from HIV happen if the condition develops into AIDS. 

Thanks to developments in modern medicine, with proper treatment, most people with HIV in the UK never develop AIDS and will go on to live full and healthy lives. Left untreated, HIV will develop into AIDS over a period of around 8-10 years. 

With AIDS, your immune system is severely damaged. This means you will be at a much higher risk of becoming ill after coming into contact with the disease causing bacteria and virus’ (pathogens) that we encounter every day. Without AIDS, our immune systems would normally fight off these pathogens without us even knowing we encountered them.

On top of that, if you do become ill, as your body will struggle to fight off the illness, it is much more likely to progress and become more serious. This means things like the common cold can become life threatening to people with AIDS. Some illnesses common to people with HIV and AIDS include:

Infection: Infections that are common to people with AIDS include fungal infections, thrush, tuberculosis (TB), herpes and other virus’, meningitis, and illnesses caused by parasites like toxoplasmosis.

Some Cancers: Cancers like Lymphoma, Kaposi’s Sarcoma, and HPV related cancers are commonly seen in people with HIV and AIDS.

Organ Disease: HIV can lead to kidney and liver disease. The virus can also affect your brain function causing neurological conditions like confusion, forgetfulness, dementia, weakness, difficulty walking, depression, anxiety, and mood changes.

Wasting Syndrome: HIV and AIDS can cause significant weight loss. This is usually seen alongside diarrhoea, weakness, and fever. 

HOW IS HIV TREATED?

If you think you have been exposed to HIV, a medication called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) may prevent you from contracting the infection. This medication is taken every day for 1 month and must be started within 72 hours of initial contact to be effective.

If you test positive for HIV, there is no cure for the disease. However, modern treatments can prevent the development of AIDS and the more severe symptoms that come along with it. With effective management, people with HIV can live long and healthy lives.

Upon diagnosis, you will usually see a HIV specialist who will tailor your treatment to you. A combination of medications are usually prescribed as HIV can quickly adapt and become resistant. Some of these treatments may even be combined into a single pill for convenience.

The aim of HIV treatment is to manage any symptoms of the infection, but also to reduce the viral load (the amount of the virus in your body) to an undetectable level. This helps reduce the likelihood of passing on the virus, but also reduces the likelihood of HIV developing into AIDS.